Hertzian beam transmission (also known as line-of-sight microwave transmission) uses high-frequency radio waves (typically 1 GHz to 40 GHz) to transmit data between two points without physical cables. It is widely used for backbone telecom networks, TV broadcasting, and backhaul for mobile networks.
Modern transmission is digital. The modulation scheme determines the spectral efficiency and robustness of the link.
Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM): Newer systems automatically switch modulation schemes based on the propagation conditions. If heavy rain reduces signal quality, the system drops from 256-QAM to QPSK to maintain the link, albeit at a lower data rate.
Using digital terrain models (DTM) and software (e.g., Pathloss, ATDI ICS Telecom) to assess clearance over obstacles.
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