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While animal welfare laws existed in ancient India (Maurya dynasty) and early anti-cruelty statutes appeared in 17th-century Ireland, the philosophical father of welfare is Jeremy Bentham. In 1789, as he argued against the abuse of animals, Bentham wrote the most quoted line in animal ethics: "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"

Bentham was a utilitarian (seeking the greatest good for the greatest number). He believed that if an animal can suffer, their suffering must count equally in our moral calculus. However, Bentham did not argue against killing animals for food; he only argued against cruelty during their lives and death. This is the bedrock of welfarism.

Where does a concerned citizen stand? The reality is that the animal protection movement requires both philosophies. Zooskool - Sex With Dog - Bestiality - Www.sickporn.in -.avi

The philosopher Bernard Rollin calls this the "moral ceiling." Welfare sets the floor (minimum acceptable care). Rights sets the ceiling (the ideal state of non-exploitation).

The differences between welfare and rights are not academic. They determine policy in three major industries. While animal welfare laws existed in ancient India

The divergence between welfare and rights began long before the modern era.

Based on the Five Freedoms (developed by the UK Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1965): The philosopher Bernard Rollin calls this the "moral ceiling

Modern welfare standards also include the Three Rs for research:

If you prioritize welfare:

If you prioritize rights:

If you’re unsure: