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Horses are prey animals. Their behavioral response to pain—flight—often gets them labeled as "spooky" or "hot." A horse that refuses a jump or bucks off a rider is often not stubborn; it is likely suffering from gastric ulcers, a sore back, or lameness in the hind limb. Veterinary behaviorists now routinely use "lameness exams" to rule out pain before diagnosing a training problem.

Veterinary science has traditionally focused on pathophysiology, microbiology, and surgery. However, a growing body of evidence confirms that behavioral signs are often the first indicators of underlying disease. Conversely, chronic pain or illness can manifest as behavioral pathology. This report examines this bidirectional relationship. zooskool wwwrarevideofree high qualitycom hot

Early intervention prevents chronic problems. Horses are prey animals

We are entering a golden age of behavioral veterinary science. The future holds three exciting frontiers: This report examines this bidirectional relationship